Under what circumstance is service by publication used?

Service by publication is utilized specifically when the serving party is unable to determine the current address of the person being served. This method is a way to ensure that the individual is given notice of the legal proceeding even if their location is unknown to the serving party. Typically, this occurs in situations where the person being served has evaded service, disappeared, or simply cannot be located after reasonable efforts have been made to find them.

This process involves publishing a notice in a designated local newspaper for a certain period of time. The publication serves to provide constructive notice, meaning it allows the court to assume that the individual has been informed of the legal actions against them, fulfilling due process requirements. The use of service by publication is thus an important procedural mechanism that ensures that individuals are still given an opportunity to respond in a legal context, even if direct service is not possible.

The other choices presented do not accurately represent circumstances under which service by publication is necessary.