What is required for service made outside of the United States?

For service made outside of the United States, proof under Rule 41(h) through treaty or convention is required. This reflects the legal framework in which international service of process operates, emphasizing the importance of adhering to specific treaties or conventions that govern how legal documents can be served across international borders.

Many countries are signatories to treaties like the Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents, which establish standardized procedures to ensure that service is recognized and valid. To demonstrate that service complies with these international rules, parties need to provide appropriate proof that aligns with the stipulated legal requirements.

Automatic validation of service, the assertion that no additional proof is needed, and the idea that service must be repeated within the United States for validity do not align with the procedural requirements set forth for international service, as they overlook the necessity for adhering to international agreements and the verification of service according to those regulations.